When selecting a healthcare delivery model, facilities should weigh factors such as facility size, specific population, staffing needs, and budget. Consider different models such as in-house care, contracted services, or hybrid approaches. The Correctional Healthcare RFP Toolkit presents key considerations, including medical care standards, legal obligations, and cost-effectiveness.
Should you outsource healthcare services?
There is wide variation in the ways that correctional facilities arrange to provide health care. These generally fall into four broad categories (Pew Charitable Trusts, 2018):
- Direct model (insourcing): Government-employed corrections department clinicians provide all or most on-site care. Most Federal Bureau of Prisons facilities operate under this model.
- Contracted model: Clinicians employed by one or more private companies deliver all or most on-site care. This is the most common model among jails and is the model in about 40% of prison systems.
- State university model: The state’s public medical school or affiliated organization is responsible for all or most on-site care.
- Hybrid model: On-site care is delivered by some combination of the other models.
Reasons for Outsourcing
The last three models involve some level of outsourcing. There are four common reasons that facilities outsource their healthcare services: to control costs, increase patient safety, avoid salary caps, and shift litigation risk and cost:
Alternatives to outsourcing the entire contract to a single for-profit company via the RFP process
In U.S. correctional facilities, outsourcing to a single for-profit company is a popular model, employed in 20 states. It is estimated that 60% of jails outsource to a for-profit company.
Other models for outsourcing include the following:
- State and local departments of health. Healthcare services at the King County jail in Seattle, Washington, are provided by the Seattle-King County public health department.
- Public or private university. Healthcare services in the Texas prison system are provided by the University of Texas Medical Branch and Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center.
- Public or private hospital. Health services at the Miami-Dade County, Florida, jail are provided by Jackson Memorial Hospital.
- Federally Qualified Health Center
- Mobile van. Some correctional facilities provide dental services via a traveling dentist.
- Other (noncorrectional) state or county agencies. In many counties, mental health services are provided by the county’s mental health system.
- Another correctional agency
- Staffing agency. In this model, the facility contracts for one or more employees or professional categories (e.g., nurses), but other employees (e.g., physician, health services administrator) might be facility employees.
Outsourcing to another correctional facility
Outsourcing to another correctional facility is a model used mostly by small jails. There are two variations on the model: complete and partial.
Outsourcing with another correctional facility
To benefit from economies of scale, it may be beneficial to partner with nearby facilities in the RFP process. The economies might manifest in one of two ways. First, an RFP from a larger conglomerate of facilities may be able to negotiate better pricing than any of the component facilities alone. Second, the costs of the RFP process itself can be shared. Another advantage of issuing an RFP for a larger total operation is that it may increase the number of vendors interested in bidding on the contract. While this is not as true for all vendors, especially smaller regional or local ones, some of the larger national vendors are only interested in bidding on larger contracts.